Economy · INSEE CPI · base 2015=100 · COICOP 2018 divisions + Energy CPI · annual series 2003–2025.
Household inflation: energy (+50%) and food (+35%) pull the basket
Headline CPI rose only +20% since 2015, but energy and food far exceeded that average. A COICOP breakdown.
National view
IPC par poste et général (base 100 = 2015)
Data details
Headline CPI 2025 (base 2015)
120
+20% since 2015 · INSEE Mélodi
Energy CPI 2025
150
+50% since 2015
Food CPI 2025
135
+35% since 2015 · COICOP 01
Highest-rising category (excl. energy product)
+54 %
Alcohol & tobacco · 2025 ranking
Key facts
- In 2025, headline CPI (excl. tobacco) stands at 120 (base 100 in 2015), up +20% over the period.
- Energy (+50%) and food (+35%) pull the basket: housing (+31%) and transport (+27%) follow, without matching the energy shock.
- Energy vs headline gap in 2025: +30 percentage points cumulative rise since 2015.
- The COICOP ranking shows relative price declines in health and information/communication, partly offsetting the headline index.
Inflation by spending category: what drives household prices?
Headline Consumer Price Index (CPI) summarises overall inflation, but each spending category (food, housing, transport, energy…) moves at its own pace. Rebased to 100 in 2015, these COICOP indices show which categories weigh most on purchasing power since the 2021–2023 shock.
Energy · Energy
Energy
"Up +50% since 2015"
The Energy CPI (dedicated INSEE product group) covers electricity, gas, motor fuels and heating oil. It is the most volatile category in the basket.
After the 2022–2024 peak, energy in 2025 remains well above headline inflation, even as the pace slows.
Essentials · Essential spending
Essential spending
"Food +35%, housing +31%"
Food (+35% since 2015) and housing (+31%, including rents, water, gas and electricity) account for a large share of household budgets.
Transport (+27%) follows, driven by fuels and mobility services, without matching the scale of the energy shock.
Why multiple series?
Why does headline inflation (+20%) stay below energy (+50%)? CPI basket weights dilute sector shocks: some categories (clothing, communication) pull the index down while energy and food pull it up.
Analogy: headline CPI is body temperature. COICOP categories are organs: energy can spike a fever while health or telecom drag the average down.
What this is not
- This is not an individual cost-of-living measure: weights reflect an INSEE reference household.
- The housing COICOP division includes rents, water, gas and electricity; the Energy CPI product group is complementary, not an exact duplicate.
- Indices track price changes, not actual euro spending.
Cumulative rise by COICOP category since 2015 (%)
What these figures do not show
Indices rebased to 2015=100 (INSEE base-2025 series). COICOP divisions 01–13 plus Energy CPI product group. Housing COICOP includes rents and utilities; see dedicated energy CPI insight.
Sources
IPC jeu de données principal – DS_IPC_PRINCINSEE · 2026-05-29